View source for BG 02.20 na jayate mriyate va kadacin... cited (Bks)

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{{terms|"For the soul there is neither birth nor death at any time"|"He has not come into being, does not come into being, and will not come into being"|"He is not slain when the body is slain"|"He is unborn, eternal, ever-existing and primeval"|"ajo nityah sasvato 'yam purano"|"na hanyate hanyamane sarire"|"na jayate mriyate va kadacin"|"nayam bhutva bhavita va na bhuyah"}}
{{notes|VedaBase query: "2.20" or "For the soul there is neither birth nor death at any time" or "He has not come into being, does not come into being, and will not come into being" or "He is not slain when the body is slain" or "He is unborn, eternal, ever-existing and primeval" or "ajo nityah sasvato 'yam purano" or "na hanyate hanyamane sarire" or "na jayate mriyate va kadacin" or "nayam bhutva bhavita va na bhuyah"}}
{{compiler|MadhuGopaldas|Visnu Murti}}
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{{first|19Feb11}}
{{last|03Mar11}}
{{totals_by_section|BG=1|SB=15|CC=2|OB=2|Lec=0|Con=0|Let=0}}
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[[Category:Bhagavad-gita Ch.01-06 - Cited Verses]]
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<div id="Bhagavad-gita_As_It_Is" class="section" sec_index="0" parent="compilation" text="Bhagavad-gita As It Is"><h2>Bhagavad-gita As It Is</h2>
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<div id="BG_Chapters_1_-_6" class="sub_section" sec_index="1" parent="Bhagavad-gita_As_It_Is" text="BG Chapters 1 - 6"><h3>BG Chapters 1 - 6</h3>
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<div id="BG220_0" class="quote" parent="BG_Chapters_1_-_6" book="BG" index="59" link="BG 2.20" link_text="BG 2.20">
<span class="link">[[Vanisource:BG 2.20 (1972)|BG 2.20, Translation and Purport]]: </span><div style="display: inline;" class="trans text"><p style="display: inline;">For the soul there is neither birth nor death at any time. He has not come into being, does not come into being, and will not come into being. He is unborn, eternal, ever-existing and primeval. He is not slain when the body is slain.</p>
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<div class="purport text"><p>Qualitatively, the small atomic fragmental part of the Supreme Spirit is one with the Supreme. He undergoes no changes like the body. Sometimes the soul is called the steady, or kūṭa-stha. The body is subject to six kinds of transformations. It takes its birth from the womb of the mother's body, remains for some time, grows, produces some effects, gradually dwindles, and at last vanishes into oblivion. The soul, however, does not go through such changes. The soul is not born, but, because he takes on a material body, the body takes its birth. The soul does not take birth there, and the soul does not die. Anything which has birth also has death. And because the soul has no birth, he therefore has no past, present or future. He is eternal, ever-existing, and primeval—that is, there is no trace in history of his coming into being. Under the impression of the body, we seek the history of birth, etc., of the soul. The soul does not at any time become old, as the body does. The so-called old man, therefore, feels himself to be in the same spirit as in his childhood or youth. The changes of the body do not affect the soul. The soul does not deteriorate like a tree, nor anything material. The soul has no by-product either. The by-products of the body, namely children, are also different individual souls; and, owing to the body, they appear as children of a particular man. The body develops because of the soul's presence, but the soul has neither offshoots nor change. Therefore, the soul is free from the six changes of the body.</p>
<p>In the Kaṭha Upaniṣad (1.2.18) we also find a similar passage, which reads:</p>
:na jāyate mriyate vā vipaścin
:nāyaṁ kutaścin na babhūva kaścit
:ajo nityaḥ śāśvato 'yaṁ purāṇo
:na hanyate hanyamāne śarīre
<p>The meaning and purport of this verse is the same as in the Bhagavad-gītā, but here in this verse there is one special word, vipaścit, which means learned or with knowledge.</p>
<p>The soul is full of knowledge, or full always with consciousness. Therefore, consciousness is the symptom of the soul. Even if one does not find the soul within the heart, where he is situated, one can still understand the presence of the soul simply by the presence of consciousness. Sometimes we do not find the sun in the sky owing to clouds, or for some other reason, but the light of the sun is always there, and we are convinced that it is therefore daytime. As soon as there is a little light in the sky early in the morning, we can understand that the sun is in the sky. Similarly, since there is some consciousness in all bodies—whether man or animal—we can understand the presence of the soul. This consciousness of the soul is, however, different from the consciousness of the Supreme because the supreme consciousness is all-knowledge—past, present and future. The consciousness of the individual soul is prone to be forgetful. When he is forgetful of his real nature, he obtains education and enlightenment from the superior lessons of Kṛṣṇa. But Kṛṣṇa is not like the forgetful soul. If so, Kṛṣṇa's teachings of Bhagavad-gītā would be useless.</p>
<p>There are two kinds of souls—namely the minute particle soul (aṇu-ātmā) and the Supersoul (vibhu-ātmā). This is also confirmed in the Kaṭha Upaniṣad (1.2.20) in this way:</p>
:aṇor aṇīyān mahato mahīyān
:ātmāsya jantor nihito guhāyām
:tam akratuḥ paśyati vīta-śoko
:dhātuḥ prasādān mahimānam ātmanaḥ
<p>"Both the Supersoul (Paramātmā) and the atomic soul (jīvātmā) are situated on the same tree of the body within the same heart of the living being, and only one who has become free from all material desires as well as lamentations can, by the grace of the Supreme, understand the glories of the soul." Kṛṣṇa is the fountainhead of the Supersoul also, as it will be disclosed in the following chapters, and Arjuna is the atomic soul, forgetful of his real nature; therefore he requires to be enlightened by Kṛṣṇa, or by His bona fide representative (the spiritual master).</p>
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<div id="Srimad-Bhagavatam" class="section" sec_index="1" parent="compilation" text="Srimad-Bhagavatam"><h2>Srimad-Bhagavatam</h2>
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<div id="SB_Canto_1" class="sub_section" sec_index="1" parent="Srimad-Bhagavatam" text="SB Canto 1"><h3>SB Canto 1</h3>
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<div id="SB11438_0" class="quote" parent="SB_Canto_1" book="SB" index="565" link="SB 1.14.38" link_text="SB 1.14.38">
<span class="link">[[Vanisource:SB 1.14.38|SB 1.14.38, Purport]]: </span><div style="display: inline;" class="purport text"><p style="display: inline;">A forgetful, conditioned soul is fearful. But a liberated soul is never fearful, just as a small child completely dependent on the mercy of his father is never fearful of anyone. Fearfulness is a sort of illusion for the living being when he is in slumber and forgetting his eternal relation with the Lord. Since the living being is never to die by his constitution, as stated in Bhagavad-gītā (2.20), then what is the cause of fearfulness? A person may be fearful of a tiger in a dream, but another man who is awake by his side sees no tiger there. The tiger is a myth for both of them, namely the person dreaming and the person awake, because actually there is no tiger; but the man forgetful of his awakened life is fearful, whereas the man who has not forgotten his position is not at all fearful.</p>
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<div id="SB_Canto_3" class="sub_section" sec_index="3" parent="Srimad-Bhagavatam" text="SB Canto 3"><h3>SB Canto 3</h3>
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<div id="SB3314546_0" class="quote" parent="SB_Canto_3" book="SB" index="1312" link="SB 3.31.45-46" link_text="SB 3.31.45-46">
<span class="link">[[Vanisource:SB 3.31.45-46|SB 3.31.45-46, Purport]]: </span><div style="display: inline;" class="purport text"><p style="display: inline;">When one says, "I see," this means that he sees with his eyes or with his spectacles; he sees with the instrument of sight. If the instrument of sight is broken or becomes diseased or incapable of acting, then he, as the seer, also ceases to act. Similarly, in this material body, at the present moment the living soul is acting, and when the material body, due to its incapability to function, ceases, he also ceases to perform his reactionary activities. When one's instrument of action is broken and cannot function, that is called death. Again, when one gets a new instrument for action, that is called birth. This process of birth and death is going on at every moment, by constant bodily change. The final change is called death, and acceptance of a new body is called birth. That is the solution to the question of birth and death. Actually, the living entity has neither birth nor death, but is eternal. As confirmed in Bhagavad-gītā, na hanyate hanyamāne śarīre: ([[Vanisource:BG 2.20 (1972)|BG 2.20]]) the living entity never dies, even after the death or annihilation of this material body.</p>
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<div id="SB_Canto_4" class="sub_section" sec_index="4" parent="Srimad-Bhagavatam" text="SB Canto 4"><h3>SB Canto 4</h3>
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<div id="SB42510_0" class="quote" parent="SB_Canto_4" book="SB" index="1067" link="SB 4.25.10" link_text="SB 4.25.10">
<span class="link">[[Vanisource:SB 4.25.10|SB 4.25.10, Purport]]: </span><div style="display: inline;" class="purport text"><p style="display: inline;">The word bṛhac-chravāḥ is also significant. The word śravaḥ means "fame." The living entity is famous from ancient times, for as stated in Bhagavad-gītā (2.20), na jāyate mriyate vā: "The living entity is never born and never dies." Because he is eternal, his activities are eternal, although they are performed in different types of bodies. Na hanyate hanyamāne śarīre: ([[Vanisource:BG 2.20 (1972)|BG 2.20]]) "He does not die, even after the annihilation of the body." Thus the living entity transmigrates from one body to another and performs various activities. In each body the living entity performs so many acts.</p>
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<div id="SB42716_1" class="quote" parent="SB_Canto_4" book="SB" index="1155" link="SB 4.27.16" link_text="SB 4.27.16">
<span class="link">[[Vanisource:SB 4.27.16|SB 4.27.16, Purport]]: </span><div style="display: inline;" class="purport text"><p style="display: inline;">The 360 days and 360 nights combine to become the 720 soldiers of Caṇḍavega (time). One has to fight these soldiers throughout one's lifespan, beginning with birth and ending with death. This fight is called the struggle for existence. Despite this struggle, however, the living entity does not die. As confirmed in Bhagavad-gītā (2.20), the living entity is eternal:</p>
:na jāyate mriyate vā kadācin
:nāyaṁ bhūtvā bhavitā vā na bhūyaḥ
:ajo nityaḥ śāśvato 'yaṁ purāṇo
:na hanyate hanyamāne śarīre
<p>"For the soul there is never birth nor death. Nor, having once been, does he ever cease to be. He is unborn, eternal, ever-existing, undying and primeval. He is not slain when the body is slain." Actually the living entity does not take birth nor does he die, but he has to fight with the stringent laws of material nature throughout the entire span of his lifetime. He must also face different kinds of miserable conditions. Despite all this, the living entity, due to illusion, thinks that he is well situated in sense gratification.</p>
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<div id="SB_Canto_5" class="sub_section" sec_index="5" parent="Srimad-Bhagavatam" text="SB Canto 5"><h3>SB Canto 5</h3>
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<div id="SB5106_0" class="quote" parent="SB_Canto_5" book="SB" index="230" link="SB 5.10.6" link_text="SB 5.10.6">
<span class="link">[[Vanisource:SB 5.10.6|SB 5.10.6, Purport]]: </span><div style="display: inline;" class="purport text"><p style="display: inline;">Jaḍa Bharata was completely liberated. He did not even care when the dacoits attempted to kill his body; he knew that he certainly was not the body. Even if the body were killed, he would not have cared, for he was thoroughly convinced of the proposition found in Bhagavad-gītā (2.20): na hanyate hanyamāne śarīre. He knew that he could not be killed even if his body were killed. Although he did not protest, the Supreme Personality of Godhead in His agent could not tolerate the injustice of the dacoits; therefore he was saved by the mercy of Kṛṣṇa, and the dacoits were killed.</p>
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<div id="SB51724_1" class="quote" parent="SB_Canto_5" book="SB" index="424" link="SB 5.17.24" link_text="SB 5.17.24">
<span class="link">[[Vanisource:SB 5.17.24|SB 5.17.24, Purport]]: </span><div style="display: inline;" class="purport text"><p style="display: inline;">So-called scientists and advanced research scholars are ludicrously trying to find the cause of life. They take no notice of the fact that life is already being produced. What will be their credit if they find out the chemical composition of life? All their chemicals are nothing but different transformations of the five elements—earth, water, fire, air and ether. As stated in Bhagavad-gītā (2.20), the living entity is never created (na jāyate mriyate vā kadācin). There are five gross material elements and three minor material elements (mind, intelligence and ego), and there are eternal living entities. The living entity desires a certain type of body, and by the order of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, that body is created from material nature, which is nothing but a kind of machine handled by the Supreme Lord.</p>
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<div id="SB_Canto_6" class="sub_section" sec_index="6" parent="Srimad-Bhagavatam" text="SB Canto 6"><h3>SB Canto 6</h3>
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<div id="SB616Summary_0" class="quote" parent="SB_Canto_6" book="SB" index="579" link="SB 6.16 Summary" link_text="SB 6.16 Summary">
<span class="link">[[Vanisource:SB 6.16 Summary|SB 6.16 Summary]]: </span><div style="display: inline;" class="text"><p style="display: inline;">The living entity is eternal. Thus he has neither birth nor death (na hanyate hanyamāne śarīre ([[Vanisource:BG 2.20 (1972)|BG 2.20]])). According to the reactions of one's fruitive activities, one takes birth in various species of life among the birds, beasts, trees, human beings, demigods and so on, thus rotating through various bodies. For a certain period of time, one receives a particular type of body as a son or father in a false relationship. All our relationships in this material world with friends, relatives or enemies consist of duality, in which one feels happy and distressed on the basis of illusion.</p>
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<div id="SB_Canto_7" class="sub_section" sec_index="7" parent="Srimad-Bhagavatam" text="SB Canto 7"><h3>SB Canto 7</h3>
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<div id="SB7718_0" class="quote" parent="SB_Canto_7" book="SB" index="272" link="SB 7.7.18" link_text="SB 7.7.18">
<span class="link">[[Vanisource:SB 7.7.18|SB 7.7.18, Translation and Purport]]: </span><div style="display: inline;" class="trans text"><p style="display: inline;">Just as the fruits and flowers of a tree in due course of time undergo six changes—birth, existence, growth, transformation, dwindling and then death—the material body, which is obtained by the spirit soul under different circumstances, undergoes similar changes. However, there are no such changes for the spirit soul.</p>
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<div class="purport text"><p>This is a very important verse in understanding the difference between the spiritual soul and the material body. The soul is eternal, as stated in Bhagavad-gītā (2.20):</p>
:na jāyate mriyate vā kadācin
:nāyaṁ bhūtvā bhavitā vā na bhūyaḥ
:ajo nityaḥ śāśvato 'yaṁ purāṇo
:na hanyate hanyamāne śarīre
<p>"For the soul there is never birth nor death. Nor, having once been, does he ever cease to be. He is unborn, eternal, ever-existing, undying and primeval. He is not slain when the body is slain." The spirit soul is eternal, being freed from waste and change, which take place because of the material body. The example of a tree and its fruits and flowers is very simple and clear. A tree stands for many, many years, but with the seasonal changes its fruits and flowers undergo six transformations. The foolish theory of modern chemists that life can be produced by chemical interactions cannot be accepted as truth.</p>
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<div id="SB7718_1" class="quote" parent="SB_Canto_7" book="SB" index="272" link="SB 7.7.18" link_text="SB 7.7.18">
<span class="link">[[Vanisource:SB 7.7.18|SB 7.7.18, Purport]]: </span><div style="display: inline;" class="purport text"><p style="display: inline;">Unless the soul enters the mixture, there is no possibility of pregnancy, but when the soul takes shelter of the mixture the body takes birth, exists, grows, transforms and dwindles, and ultimately it is vanquished. The fruits and flowers of a tree seasonally come and go, but the tree continues to stand. Similarly, the transmigrating soul accepts various bodies, which undergo six transformations, but the soul remains permanently the same (ajo nityaḥ śāśvato 'yaṁ purāṇo na hanyate hanyamāne śarīre ([[Vanisource:BG 2.20 (1972)|BG 2.20]])). The soul is eternal and ever existing, but the bodies accepted by the soul are changing.</p>
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<div id="SB7924_2" class="quote" parent="SB_Canto_7" book="SB" index="382" link="SB 7.9.24" link_text="SB 7.9.24">
<span class="link">[[Vanisource:SB 7.9.24|SB 7.9.24, Purport]]: </span><div style="display: inline;" class="purport text"><p style="display: inline;">By studying Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, every intelligent man can get experience like that of Prahlāda Mahārāja through the historical incidents mentioned in this great literature of spiritual knowledge. By following in the footsteps of Prahlāda Mahārāja, one should gain thorough experience that all material opulence is perishable at every moment. Even this body, for which we try to acquire so many sensual pleasures, may perish at any time. The soul, however, is eternal. Na hanyate hanyamāne śarīre: ([[Vanisource:BG 2.20 (1972)|BG 2.20]]) the soul is never vanquished, even when the body is destroyed. An intelligent man, therefore, should care for the happiness of the spirit soul, not of the body. Even if one receives a body with a long duration of life, like those of Lord Brahmā and the other great demigods, it will also be destroyed, and therefore an intelligent man should be concerned with the imperishable spirit soul.</p>
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<div id="SB_Canto_8" class="sub_section" sec_index="8" parent="Srimad-Bhagavatam" text="SB Canto 8"><h3>SB Canto 8</h3>
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<div id="SB81912_0" class="quote" parent="SB_Canto_8" book="SB" index="655" link="SB 8.19.12" link_text="SB 8.19.12">
<span class="link">[[Vanisource:SB 8.19.12|SB 8.19.12, Purport]]: </span><div style="display: inline;" class="purport text"><p style="display: inline;">Atheists generally follow the Bauddha philosophical conclusion that at death everything is finished. Hiraṇyakaśipu, being an atheist, thought this way. Because Lord Viṣṇu was not visible to him, he thought that the Lord was dead. Even today, many people follow the philosophy that God is dead. But God is never dead. Even the living entity, who is part of God, never dies. Na jāyate mriyate vā kadācit: "For the soul there is never birth or death." This is the statement of Bhagavad-gītā (2.20). Even the ordinary living entity never takes birth or dies. What then is to be said of the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who is the chief of all living entities? He certainly never takes birth or dies. Ajo'pi sann avyayātmā ([[Vanisource:BG 4.6 (1972)|BG 4.6]]). Both the Lord and the living entity exist as unborn and inexhaustible personalities. Thus Hiraṇyakaśipu's conclusion that Viṣṇu was dead was wrong.</p>
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<div id="SB_Canto_101_to_1013" class="sub_section" sec_index="10" parent="Srimad-Bhagavatam" text="SB Canto 10.1 to 10.13"><h3>SB Canto 10.1 to 10.13</h3>
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<div id="SB10141_0" class="quote" parent="SB_Canto_10.1_to_10.13" book="SB" index="39" link="SB 10.1.41" link_text="SB 10.1.41">
<span class="link">[[Vanisource:SB 10.1.41|SB 10.1.41, Purport]]: </span><div style="display: inline;" class="purport text"><p style="display: inline;">Although the mind may work imperfectly at the time of death, Kṛṣṇa gives a devotee shelter at His lotus feet. Therefore when a devotee gives up his body, the mind does not take him to another material body (tyaktvā dehaṁ punar janma naiti mām eti ([[Vanisource:BG 4.9 (1972)|BG 4.9]])); rather, Kṛṣṇa takes the devotee to that place where He is engaged in His pastimes (mām eti), as we have already discussed in previous verses. One's consciousness, therefore, must always be absorbed in Kṛṣṇa, and then one's life will be successful. Otherwise the mind will carry the soul to another material body. The soul will be placed in the semen of a father and discharged into the womb of a mother. The semen and ovum create a particular type of body according to the form of the father and mother, and when the body is mature, the soul emerges in that body and begins a new life. This is the process of transmigration of the soul from one body to another (tathā dehāntara-prāptiḥ ([[Vanisource:BG 2.13 (1972)|BG 2.13]])). Unfortunately, those who are less intelligent think that when the body disappears, everything is finished. The entire world is being misled by such fools and rascals. But as stated in Bhagavad-gītā (2.20), na hanyate hanyamāne śarīre. The soul does not die when the body is destroyed. Rather, the soul takes on another body.</p>
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<div id="SB10327_1" class="quote" parent="SB_Canto_10.1_to_10.13" book="SB" index="124" link="SB 10.3.27" link_text="SB 10.3.27">
<span class="link">[[Vanisource:SB 10.3.27|SB 10.3.27, Purport]]: </span><div style="display: inline;" class="purport text"><p style="display: inline;">The constitutional position for the living entity is eternity (na hanyate hanyamāne śarīre, nityaḥ śāśvato 'yam ([[Vanisource:BG 2.20 (1972)|BG 2.20]])). Every living entity is eternal. But because of having fallen into this material world, one wanders within the universe, continually changing from one body to another. Caitanya Mahāprabhu says:</p>
:brahmāṇḍa bhramite kona bhāgyavān jīva
:guru-kṛṣṇa-prasāde pāya bhakti-latā-bīja
:([[Vanisource:CC Madhya 19.151|CC Madhya 19.151]])
<p>Everyone is wandering up and down within this universe, but one who is sufficiently fortunate comes in contact with Kṛṣṇa consciousness, by the mercy of the spiritual master, and takes to the path of devotional service. Then one is assured of eternal life, with no fear of death.</p>
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<div id="SB10419_2" class="quote" parent="SB_Canto_10.1_to_10.13" book="SB" index="166" link="SB 10.4.19" link_text="SB 10.4.19">
<span class="link">[[Vanisource:SB 10.4.19|SB 10.4.19, Translation and Purport]]: </span><div style="display: inline;" class="trans text"><p style="display: inline;">In this world, we can see that pots, dolls and other products of the earth appear, break and then disappear, mixing with the earth. Similarly, the bodies of all conditioned living entities are annihilated, but the living entities, like the earth itself, are unchanging and never annihilated [na hanyate hanyamāne śarīre [Bg. 2.20]].</p>
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<div class="purport text"><p>Although Kaṁsa is described as a demon, he had good knowledge of the affairs of ātma-tattva, the truth of the self. Five thousand years ago, there were kings like Kaṁsa, who is described as an asura, but he was better than modern politicians and diplomats, who have no knowledge about ātma-tattva.</p>
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<div id="SB101357_3" class="quote" parent="SB_Canto_10.1_to_10.13" book="SB" index="560" link="SB 10.13.57" link_text="SB 10.13.57">
<span class="link">[[Vanisource:SB 10.13.57|SB 10.13.57, Purport]]: </span><div style="display: inline;" class="purport text"><p style="display: inline;">The phrase atan-nirasana refers to the discarding of that which is irrelevant. (Atat means "that which is not a fact.") Brahman is sometimes described as asthūlam anaṇv ahrasvam adīrgham, "that which is not large and not small, not short and not long." (Bṛhad-āraṇyaka Upaniṣad 5.8.8) Neti neti: "It is not this, it is not that." But what is it? In describing a pencil, one may say, "It is not this; it is not that," but this does not tell us what it is. This is called definition by negation. In Bhagavad-gītā, Kṛṣṇa also explains the soul by giving negative definitions. Na jāyate mriyate vā: "It is not born, nor does it die. You can hardly understand more than this." But what is it? It is eternal. Ajo nityaḥ śāśvato 'yaṁ purāṇo na hanyate hanyamāne śarīre: "It is unborn, eternal, ever-existing, undying and primeval. It is not slain when the body is slain." ([[Vanisource:BG 2.20 (1972)|BG 2.20]]) In the beginning the soul is difficult to understand, and therefore Kṛṣṇa has given negative definitions:</p>
:nainaṁ chindanti śastrāṇi
:nainaṁ dahati pāvakaḥ
:na cainaṁ kledayanty āpo
:na śoṣayati mārutaḥ
<p>"The soul can never be cut into pieces by any weapon, nor can it be burned by fire, nor moistened by water, nor withered by the wind." ([[Vanisource:BG 2.23 (1972)|BG 2.23]]) Kṛṣṇa says, "It is not burned by fire." Therefore, one has to imagine what it is that is not burned by fire. This is a negative definition.</p>
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<div id="Sri_Caitanya-caritamrta" class="section" sec_index="2" parent="compilation" text="Sri Caitanya-caritamrta"><h2>Sri Caitanya-caritamrta</h2>
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<div id="CC_Adi-lila" class="sub_section" sec_index="1" parent="Sri_Caitanya-caritamrta" text="CC Adi-lila"><h3>CC Adi-lila</h3>
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<div id="CCAdi7119_0" class="quote" parent="CC_Adi-lila" book="CC" index="1063" link="CC Adi 7.119" link_text="CC Adi 7.119">
<span class="link">[[Vanisource:CC Adi 7.119|CC Adi 7.119, Purport]]: </span><div style="display: inline;" class="purport text"><p style="display: inline;">Unfortunately, most of them think that they are the body and should therefore enjoy the material senses irresponsibly since when death comes everything will be finished. This atheistic philosophy also flourished in India, where it was sometimes propagated by Cārvāka Muni, who said:</p>
:ṛṇaṁ kṛtvā ghṛtaṁ pibet yāvaj jīvet sukhaṁ jīvet
:bhasmī-bhūtasya dehasya kutaḥ punar āgamano bhavet
<p>His theory was that as long as one lives one should eat as much ghee as possible. In India, ghee (clarified butter) is a basic ingredient in preparing many varieties of food. Since everyone wants to enjoy nice food, Cārvāka Muni advised that one eat as much ghee as possible. One may say, "I have no money. How shall I purchase ghee?" Cārvāka Muni, however, says, "If you have no money, then beg, borrow or steal, but in some way secure ghee and enjoy life." For one who further objects that he will be held accountable for such unauthorized activities as begging, borrowing and stealing, Cārvāka Muni replies, "You will not be held responsible. As soon as your body is burned to ashes after death, everything is finished."</p>
<p>This is called ignorance. From the Bhagavad-gītā it is understood that one does not die with the annihilation of his body (na hanyate hanyamāne śarīre ([[Vanisource:BG 2.20 (1972)|BG 2.20]])). The annihilation of one body involves changing to another (tathā dehāntara-prāptiḥ ([[Vanisource:BG 2.13 (1972)|BG 2.13]])). Therefore, to perform irresponsible activities in the material world is very dangerous. Without knowledge of the spirit soul and its transmigration, people are allured by the material energy to engage in many such activities, as if one could become happy simply by dint of material knowledge, without reference to spiritual existence. Therefore the entire material world and its activities are referred to as avidyā-karma-saṁjñānyā.</p>
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<div id="CC_Madhya-lila" class="sub_section" sec_index="2" parent="Sri_Caitanya-caritamrta" text="CC Madhya-lila"><h3>CC Madhya-lila</h3>
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<div id="CCMadhya19138_0" class="quote" parent="CC_Madhya-lila" book="CC" index="4377" link="CC Madhya 19.138" link_text="CC Madhya 19.138">
<span class="link">[[Vanisource:CC Madhya 19.138|CC Madhya 19.138, Purport]]: </span><div style="display: inline;" class="purport text"><p style="display: inline;">The living entities are described as ananta, or unlimited; nonetheless, they are said to belong to 8,400,000 species. As stated in the Viṣṇu Purāṇa:</p>
:jala-jā nava-lakṣāṇi sthāvarā lakṣa-viṁśati
:kṛmayo rudra-saṅkhyakāḥ pakṣiṇāṁ daśa-lakṣaṇam
:triṁśal-lakṣāṇi paśavaḥ catur-lakṣāṇi mānuṣāḥ
<p>"There are 900,000 species living in the water. There are also 2,000,000 nonmoving living entities (sthāvara), such as trees and plants. There are also 1,100,000 species of insects and reptiles, and there are 1,000,000 species of birds. As far as quadrupeds are concerned, there are 3,000,000 varieties, and there are 400,000 human species." Some of these species may exist on one planet and not on another, but in any case within all the planets of the universe—and even in the sun—there are living entities. This is the verdict of the Vedic literatures. As the Bhagavad-gītā (2.20) confirms:</p>
:na jāyate mriyate vā kadācin
:nāyaṁ bhūtvā bhavitā vā na bhūyaḥ
:ajo nityaḥ śāśvato ‘yaṁ purāṇo
:na hanyate hanyamāne śarīre
<p>"For the soul there is neither birth nor death at any time. He has not come into being, does not come into being, and will not come into being. He is unborn, eternal, ever-existing and primeval. He is not slain when the body is slain."</p>
<p>Since the living entities are never annihilated, they simply transmigrate from one life form to another. Thus there is an evolution of forms according to the degree of developed consciousness.</p>
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<div id="Other_Books_by_Srila_Prabhupada" class="section" sec_index="3" parent="compilation" text="Other Books by Srila Prabhupada"><h2>Other Books by Srila Prabhupada</h2>
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<div id="Easy_Journey_to_Other_Planets" class="sub_section" sec_index="3" parent="Other_Books_by_Srila_Prabhupada" text="Easy Journey to Other Planets"><h3>Easy Journey to Other Planets</h3>
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<div id="EJ2_0" class="quote" parent="Easy_Journey_to_Other_Planets" book="OB" index="3" link="EJ 2" link_text="Easy Journey to Other Planets 2">
<span class="link">[[Vanisource:EJ 2|Easy Journey to Other Planets 2]]: </span><div style="display: inline;" class="text"><p style="display: inline;">Actually, we are not subject to death. That is affirmed in the beginning of Bhagavad-gītā (2.20): na hanyate hanyamāne śarīre. We are spirit soul, and therefore we are eternal. Why then should we subject ourselves to death and birth? It is intelligent to think in this way. Those who are Kṛṣṇa conscious are very intelligent because they are not interested in getting promotion to any planet where there is death, despite a long duration of life there. Rather, they want to get a body like God's. Īśvaraḥ paramaḥ kṛṣṇaḥ sac-cid-ānanda-vigrahaḥ. (Bs. 5.1) God's body is sac-cid-ānanda. Sat means "eternal," and cit means "full of knowledge." Ānanda means "full of pleasure."</p>
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<div id="Sri_Isopanisad" class="sub_section" sec_index="8" parent="Other_Books_by_Srila_Prabhupada" text="Sri Isopanisad"><h3>Sri Isopanisad</h3>
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<div id="ISO17_0" class="quote" parent="Sri_Isopanisad" book="OB" index="19" link="ISO 17" link_text="Sri Isopanisad 17">
<span class="link">[[Vanisource:ISO 17|Sri Isopanisad 17, Purport]]: </span><div style="display: inline;" class="purport text"><p style="display: inline;">The temporary material body is certainly a foreign dress. The Bhagavad-gītā (2.20) clearly says that after the destruction of the material body the living entity is not annihilated, nor does he lose his identity. The identity of the living entity is never impersonal or formless; on the contrary, it is the material dress that is formless and that takes a shape according to the form of the indestructible person. No living entity is originally formless, as is wrongly thought by those with a poor fund of knowledge. This mantra verifies the fact that the living entity exists after the annihilation of the material body.</p>
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